kadai & ဘယ္သူလဲ: English Grammar 2

Chapter .4

The adjective : ( add to)

(1) Hkawn Mai is a clever girl. ( girl of what?)

(2) I don’t like that boy. ( which boy?)

(3) He gave me five mangos. ( how many mango?)

(4) There is little time for preparation. ( how much time?)

Adjective : A word with a noun to describe or point out the person, animal, place, thing, which the noun names or tell the number or quantity is called an Adjective.

Kinds of Adjective.

(1) Adjective of quality or descriptive adjective .

Eg. He is an honest man.

The foolish old crow tired to sing.

This is a Grammar of the English Language.

Big, fat , high, wide , good , clever, small, thin, short, narrow, bad, stupid, bright, tall, long, clean, rich, quick, young, new, dirty, poor, slow, etc…

French wine, India tea, Kachin bag…

The words underline are actually proper noun but they are acting the work of adjective, so we call them “proper adjective or descriptive adjective.

H.W :

Make a sentence by using descriptive adjective words. ( half of them)

Essay: if someone says , “You are crazy” what will be your feeling? Why? …(130 ) words.

(2) Adjective of number : (A) definite numberal adj ,

(A) DNA which denotes exact number .

- There are two kinds of definite numberal adjective.

(a) Cardina ( how many?)

Eg. One, two, three , …etc..

(b) Ordinal ( the order of the things)

Eg. First, second, third…etc..

(B) Indefinite numberal adjective.

Expression of quantity Used with CN Used withUNCN

A little No A little water

Much No Much water

A few A few students No

Many Many students No

A great deal of A great deal of students A great deal of money.

Not any / no Do not have any students Do not have any money.

Some Some students Some money

A lot of / lots of A lot of students. A lot of sugar

A large quantity of No Yes

A large number of Yes Yes

Plenty of Yes Yes

Most Yes Yes

All Yes Yes

Several Yes No

Whole No Yes

Enough/ sufficient Yes Yes

(1) A little / much + UCN

Little : not much ( hardly not) negative idea.

Eg. He showed little concern of his nephew.

There is little water in the stream.

A little : ( not much ) but positive idea.

Eg. There is a little hope of his recovery.

The little : ( the whole not much )

Eg. The little money he has ( that – makoi nga ai) is not enough to buy a car.

Much :

Eg. I have much money to borrow you.

I have much water to take a bath.

H.W :

My hobby ( 100) words.

What kinds of flower do you like most? (140 ) words.

- Quantifier ( little – much )

- Take note ( case of noun )

A few / many + CN

Few : not many , hardly any ( negative idea )

Eg. Few girls can keep the secret.

A few : positive idea.

Eg. A few men are free from fault.

The few : but all there.

Eg. I have the few books.

Many : I have got many friends in Myitkyina.

Some / Any + CN/UCN

Eg. Do you have any sugar?

I have some sugar.

I don’t want any sugar.

- Do you have any friends in Myitkyina?

- Yes , I have some friends here.

Note : some use in a positive sentence.

Eg. I have some friends.

But sometimes “ some” is used in the question sentence. ( esp : ask , offer )

Eg. I am going to buy some clothes.

Do you want to buy some?

I have a lot of sugar.

Would you like some?

Not….any : uses in a negative or Interrogative sentence.

Eg. I do not want to buy any mangoes.

Do you want any sugar?

Are there any biscuits?

Yes, there are some biscuits in the kitchen.

Enough + UCN/ CN

eg. We have enough students to clean the room.

I have enough money to buy the car.

Most + UCN/ CN

Eg. Most students like to have holiday.

Do not eat most curry is bad for your health.

No + UCN/CN

Eg. I have no money.

I have no pen to note the lesson.

All + UCN/ CN

Eg. All students have gone to the party.

Can you borrow all money to me?

Whole : UCN

Eg. She has eatten the whole pot of rice.

No / none + CN/ UCN

Eg. I have none money.

Many

1. A lot of / lots of + CN

2. A great deal of + CN

3. Plenty of + CN

4. A large number of + CN

5. Several + CN

Eg. You got a lot of students in your class.

I have plenty of money in my pocket.

Much

1. A lot of / lots of + UCN

2. A great deal of + UCN

3. Plenty of + UCN

4. A large number of + UCN

5. A large quantity of + UCN

Eg. I have plenty of money in pocket.

I have a large quantity of rice in my pot.

( 3 ) Destributive Adjective

Each

Either

Neither ( not either)

Every

: use singular N + singular V

Each :

Eg. Each child gets a present .( two or more them two number)

Every : every girl can go there.

Note : don’t use when there are just two numbers.

Every girl can go there. ( ..) wrong.

Either : .. ( there are two numbers but you must take just only one)

You can take neither pencil.

Neither : .. ( there are two numbers but you cannot take any one)

You can take neither pencil.

( 4 ) Demostrative Adjective

Singular plural

This these

That those

Such such

Eg. These mangoes are sweet.

I hate such thing.

Note : demostrative answer the question ( which? )

H.W :

The day that I cannot forget . (130 ) words.

) Possessive Adjective

Singular plural

My our

Your + N your + N

His / her / it their

The possessive adjective is used .

(1) To modify a noun and show ownership.

Eg. Penguins lay their eggs about fifty miles from the coast. ( pang lai makau)

(2) To modify a gerund.

Eg. We are surprised by their nesting in such harsh condition.

(3) ( V the seng ai )To refer to parts of the body.

Eg. The male penguins rolls the egg on the top of his feet.

Note : my /your/his/ her/it/ cannot be put together with “ a/an/the/ this/that/no/ any/some/ etc….

Eg. Your friends can come to my party.

Any friends can come to my party.

Your any friends can come to my party. ( wrong)

My a book is on the table. ( wrong)

( 6 ) Interrogative Adjective

What, which, whose + N

Eg. What ( kind of these) is this?

Whose ( book) is this?

Which ( way) shall we go?

Note : the word “ which” has a selective meaning.

There are two ways to use desciptive adjective.

1. The lazy boy was punished. ( attributive adj ) hkrang shala dan ai.

2. She is a beautiful girl. ( V hte seng ai )

Comparison of Adjective

(1) Rama’s mango is sweet.

(2) Hari’s mango is sweeter than Rama’s.

(3) Seng Lat’s mango is the sweetest of all.

Fomation of comparative and superlative

(1) Most adjectives of one syllable ( n sen ) add “er” and “st”

Eg.

Positive comparative superlative

Sweet sweeter sweetest

Young younger youngest

Bold bolder boldest

Kind kinder kindest

(2) When the positive is end “e” only “r” and “st” are added.

P-degree C-degree Sup-degree

Brave braver bravest

White whiter whitest

Wise wiser wisest

Fine finer finest

(3) When the positive adj ends in “Y” , preceded by a consonant the “Y” is changed into “I” before adding “er” and “est”.

Eg.

P C Sup

Happy happier happiest

Easy easier easiest

Heavy heavier heaviest

- If preceded by a “vowel” just “er” and “est” are added.

Eg.

Gay gayer gayest

Grey greyer greyest

H.W:

If you arrive in America what will you be?

Look back about “the article” till finish.

(4) A word of one syllable and ends in singular consonant , preceded by a short vowel this consonant is doubled before adding “er” and “est”

Eg.

P C Sup

Red redder reddest

Big bigger biggmest

Sad sadder saddest

Fat fatter fattest

(5) Adjective of more than two syllables.

Use: (adverv) C- more Sup- most

Eg.

P C Sup

Difficult more difficult most difficult

Industrious more industrious most industrious

Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

(6) Irregular Comparative

Eg.

Good/well better best

Bad/evil/ill worse worst

Little less least

Much/many more most

Late later/latter latest/last

Old older/elder oldest/eldest

Far farther farthest

Note :

Late – later --latest ( refer to time)

-latter---last ( refer to position)

Eg.

She is later than I expected.

I haven’t heard the latest news.

Eg.

You will be the last person.

Old—elder—eldest ( only person)

---older—oldest

Eg.

John is my elder brother.

Tom is my eldest son.

Eg.

He is older than his sister.

( not use “elder” in comparative)

Use of comparisons

( 1 ) when two persons or things are said to be equal quality,

“as adj as” positive

“Not as adj as negative.”

Eg. She is as tall as her sister.

Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bicycle.

(2) Comparison of two unequal persons or things. ( the comparative is used)

Eg. She is taller than Hkawn Mai.

She is younger than I .

This watch is good , but this watch is better.

(3) Comparison of three or more persons or things is expressed by the superlative .

Eg. She is the most beautiful girl in our class.

He is the youngest son in my family.

(4) Parallel increase is expressed by ,

The + comparative………..the + comparative.

Eg. The more leisure we have, the happier we are.

The better watch , the more it will cost.

(5) Gradual increase is expressed by two comparatives joined by “and”.

Eg. The night becomes darker and darker.

We become more and more interested in the story.

The weather is getting colder and colder.

H.W:

The problem that you’ve solved, what ? how ? why? ( 130 ) words.

Take note : till the end of article “the”.

Use of adjective or the position or Adjective.

(1) An adjective is placed before a noun to modify the noun.

Eg. A strong man carries a heavy box.

Note : when there is an article, the adjective is placed between the article and noun.

Eg. A clever boy passed the exam with the first position.

: however , the articles can’t sit before a quantifier adjectives. ( many , few, some, etc……)

Eg. Many boys and girls play tennis.

(2) A complement of “ the verb to be” and complement of a verb of incomplete predication.= Verb.

( feel, look, seem, glad,……)

Eg. They are happy.

I feel sad.

She looks angry.

(3) An adjective is used in the pattern.

Keep/make/paint/ + noun + adj.

S + V + O + OC

Eg. She keeps her room clean.

She paints the windows white.

(4) “ the + adj” is used to represent a class of people or things.

Eg. The brave.

The blind.

The weak.

(5) In poetry, however, the adjective is frequently placed after the noun.

Eg. Children dear, was it yesterday.

Oman with sisters dear.

H.W:

“use of adjective” 2 example sentences for each rule.

Essay : woman should be a soldier. ( yes or no) why, give two or more reasons to support your topic. ( 150 ) words.

Adjective used as Noun.

(1) As plural Nouns denoting a class of person.

Eg. The rich do not know how the poor live.

(2) As singular nouns denoting some abstract quality.

Eg. The future is unknow to us.

She is a lover of beautiful.

(3) In certain phrases.

Eg. At present, he is improving in English.

In future I will be in the U.S.A.

Formation of Adjectives.

(i) Many adjectives are formed from Nouns.

Noun adjectives

Boy boylish

Fool foolish

Dirt dirty

Storm stormy

Care careful

Hope hopeful

(ii) Some adjectives are formed from verbs.

Verb adjective

Talk talkative

More moreable

Cease ceaseless

(iii) Some adjectives are formed from adjectives.

Adjective adjective

Tragic tragical

Black blackish

Sick sicky

Ed / ing Adjectives

Eg. Excited / exciting

Annoyed / annoying

Worried / worring

Confused / confusing

Borred / borring

Interested / interesting

(i) “ed”

The adjective ending in “ed” describes our feeling about something.

Eg. I feel bored at the party.

(I found the party is borring)

I was really frightened by that a ghost story.

(ii) “ing”

Adjective ending in “-ing” describes the thing or that has an effect onces.

Eg. Today , lesson was very interesting. ( the lesson interested me.)

There are a very exciting bask ball game on TV.

H.W:

I remember my village. What? Why? ( 160) words.

Chapter . 5

Pronoun ( for a noun)

Def: A pronoun is a word instead of a name to use in a sentence.

Eg. Hari is absent because she is ill.

: There are (7) kinds of pronouns.

1. Personal pronoun

(a) Subjective pronoun.

(b) Objective pronoun.

2. Demonstrative pronoun.

3. Descriptive pronoun.

4. Interrogative pronoun.

5. Distributive pronoun.

6. Reflexive pronoun.

7. Relative pronoun.

1st. person = the speaker of a massage. ( I , we.)

2nd person = the receiver of a massage. ( you, you.)

3rd person = every one / everything. ( he, she, it, they) but the speaker and the receiver.

1. Personal Pronoun.

(a) Subjective Pronoun.

Singular plural

I we

You you

He/she/it they

(A) When it’s the subject of the verb.

Eg. They live in Myitkyina.

I like fishing.

The children are very clever but they sometimes visit to very for from home.

(B) When the subject of the clauses are compared (eg. After “than, as”)

Eg. They are more protected against the cold than we .(protected…..)

I am stronger than he (is….)

You are as tall as my friend ( is…..)

Who did that?

It was not I or I did not do that.

“I” ( usual colloquial English, object pronouns are also acceptable in this position.

: it is he with the egg.

Note : this is more common when a relative clause follows.

Eg. It was he who decided to go.

It’s they who are to blame.

He said that he could come.

Note : “we” and “you” can be followed directly by a noun. It makes more exactly who? We refer to.

Eg. We students are going to the party soon.

You two stand up plase.

You, he, she ,they and I go to school together every morning.

(b) Objective Pronouns.

Singular plural

Me us

You you

Him,her,it them

The use of the object pronouns.

(A) When it’s the direct of the verb.

Eg. He invited me.

(B) When it’s the direct object of the verb. ( to/for needed)

Eg. She gives a present to me.

He told a good joke to me.

Eg. I’ve no trust in him.

She goes out with him.

You can follow after me.

Note : when the preposition introduces a new clause, the subject pronoun must be used because the pronoun is , now the subject of the new clause.

Eg. I will be there after you’ve arrived there.

(D) When the objects of the two clauses are compared ( than/as)

Eg. It’s easier for them than us.

Note : I am clever than you!

H.W :

I want my country to be a democratic country . (120 ) words. Why?

Take note : adjective …till adjective of number till finish.

Impersonal pronoun “it”

Singular plural

Sub obj sub obj

It it they them

(1) For things without life.

Eg. Here is your book, take it away.

Here are your books, take them away.

(2) For animals, unless we clearly wish to speak of Genda.

Eg. He loves his dog and cannot do without it.

When I saw the child, it was crying.

(3) As a temporary subject before the verb to be, when the real subject follows.

Eg. It is easy to find fault.

( To find fault is easy.)

It is wrong to tell a lie to him.

( To tell a lie to him is wrong.)

(4) To give emphasis to the noun or pronoun following.

Eg. It was you who began the quarrel.

It is an ill wind that blows no body good.

(5) Weather

Eg. It is raining hard.

It rains. ( rain rains)

It snows.

It thunders.

It is winter.

(6) Time

It is three o’clock now.

(7) Brightness / Darkness

It is so dark in the room.

It was so bright in the room.

(8) Date

Eg. It is Monday, today.

(9) Dissonance

It is fifty kilos to Yangon.

It is 100 miles to Myitkyina.

(10) Warmness / coldness

It is very cold, today.

It is so hot , today.

Note : it’s

Possessive

The short form of : it + is ( s + v)

The short form of : it has v3 ( s + helping verb.)

Eg. It’s tail is very long.

It’s + c/m.

It’s gone. ( v3)

H.W : what do you want to tell me.

(iii) Possessive Pronoun

Mine ours

Yours yours

His/hers/its theirs

: mine = my + Noun

The possessive pronoun is used .

(1) To replace a possessive adj + noun.

Eg. She takes her turn and he takes his. ( his turn.)

His is a traditional family.

Yours is the same as his teacher.

(2) After verb to be to indicate possession.

The egg is hers. ( it is her egg.)

This is my car, where is yours?

(3) After preposition “of” when it means “one of many”.

Eg. It’s a habit of theirs.

A son of theirs is a student of university.

(4) To replace the second possessive adj + Noun , when they are being compared.

Eg. Their life seems more difficult than ours.

His family is bigger than mine.

H.W :

Circle the correct Pronoun.

1. It’s an experiment of his/him.

2. Seven nations claim that Antarctic is their/theirs.

3. The researcher in the picture is a friend of ours/us.

4. He research was good but her/hers is better.

5. Studying penguins is a hobby of mine/my.

2. Demonstrative Pronoun ( to show clearly)

Singular plural

This these ( near)

That those ( far from the speaker)

(1) They stand alone as pronoun.

Eg. I like these paintings. I don’t , I prefer those.

Do you see that?

Look at this .

These are our books, whose are those?

(2) “this” and “that” demonstrating contect.

Eg. I was asked to go to office at seven in the morning. This / That is why I decided to quit a job.

(3) That of / those of + N ( use to avoid the repetition of preceding.)

Eg. The climate here is like that of Canada.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a cat.

(4) Those = People.

Eg. Heaven (God) helps those who help themselves.

Some people do not want to face with problem. Those can’t get much experience for their life.

H.W:

When I was young ! (150 ) words.

Note : when two things which have been already mentioned are referred to the first thing –that , the last thing –this .

Eg. Alcohol and tobacco are both injurious this perhaps, less than that.

: “this” ( present time) that ( past time)

Eg. This year those days.

These two weeks. Those two weeks.

Other Demonstrative Pronoun.

Singular plural

Such such

So,same,

So : He will get well soon,

I hope so.

Be afraid , believe , expect , guess, hope, say,suppose, think + so.

Eg. She is beautiful. So she is.

( so + s + be ) ( she is certainly beautiful.)

She is beautiful. So am I. ( so + be + s)

( I am also beautiful.)

Such :

Eg. I am a guest and want to be treated a such.

She always tells a lie. I hate a such.

Same : In our country the Government doesn’t care about the poor.

The same may be true to many countries.

3. Interrogative Pronoun. (who,which,what)

(a) Who : only person.

Nominative Objective Possessive.

Who Whom Whose

Eg. Who was at the door?

My mother was at the door.

Object: whom/ who do you love?

I love my mother.

Whom/who are you speaking to?

I am speaking to my teacher.

:the preposition goes to the end of the question.

Possessive : whose.

Whose is it?

It is my father’s.

H.W.:

You should go to the third country. (90) words.

Which : use both – person , thing.

Note : it was a selective idea. ( limited idea)

Eg. Which is the kittle you want to give me?

Which is your friend?

Which of these books is yours?

Which of the pictures do you like best?

What : thing or person.

Eg. What is coming next?

The bus is coming next.

What is making noise?

The child is making noise.

Object : what do you have in this box?

I have a mango in this box.

What do you want to eat?

I want to eat bananas.

Note: in such expressions.

What are you?

What is he?

What is this man?

The word “what” does not refer to the person but to his “profession or employment”

Eg.

What are you?

I am a doctor.

What is he? He is a teacher.

What is this man? He is a worker.

Eg. Who that saw her did not pity her?

What is it that troubles you so much?

What is there that I don’t know?

: after two antecedents , one denoting a person and the other denoting an animal or thing.

Eg. The boy and his dog that had trespassed on the club premises were turned out.

4. Distributive Pronoun.

Each ;

Neither ;

Either ; …are pronoun that refer a “person or thing”

(1) Each : every one or everthing.

Each needs a notebook.( May be two persons of more than two.)

(2) Neither : ( two out of the two.)

Eg. Neither has to go. ( no one go.)

(3) Either : ( one out of two.)

Eg. Either will get a prize.

Note: You cannot refer “either , neither”

If the noun numbers are more than two, if more than two numbers you can use “any, anyone, none….”

Eg. You can take either of these books.

You can take neither of these books.

You can take none of these books.

Remember ! :

Neither , Either , Each + of + plural Noun + singular verb.

Eg.

Each of students has to go to the hall.

Either of students has to go to the office.

Neither of workers does their job.

H.W:

Take note : chapter . 2

Essay : who do you respect most on the world. Why? (150 ) words.

5. Reflexive Pronoun.

Singular Plural

Myself Ourselves

Yourself Yourselves

Himself Themselves.

(A) To emphasize the subject noun of pronoun whether “it did a lone”.

Eg. He takes care of the egg himself. (or)

He himself takes care of the egg.

I myself gave your letter to the teacher.

The doctor himself came to my house.

(B) When the action by the subject , turns back upon the subject.

In this situation the subject and the object is the same person or thing. So we called it “object of the verb.”

Eg. I cut myself.

You look at yourself.

That man is starving himself.

Eg. Did you do this homework by yourself?

You can do the work by yourself.

The old man lives by himself.

Special Usage : (1) oneself : ( alone, for the benefit of oneself.) ( ting gyeng myit )

Eg. Please avoid making for oneself when you live on the world. (2) Between ourselves.

Eg. Don’t tell the information that we get just keep between ourselves.

Note : some common use.

Eg. Enjoy yourself.

Are you by yourself?

Behave yourself!

H.W:

Essay : I am a general “Than Shwe” I am going to control my country like this. How ? why? ( 110 ) words.

Essay : I am a poor man so my life is so difficult to live on the world. How? What ? ( 150 ) words.

Essay : my classmate . 100 words.

Note : the word of “self” is sometimes used as a noun.

Eg. He cares for nothing but self.

6. Relative Pronoun

( who, which, what , that)

(1) I met Hari. Hari had just returned.

I met Hari. Who had just returned.

(2) I have found the pen. I had lost the pen.

I have found the pen which had lost.

(3) Here is the book. You lent me the book.

Here is the book that you lent me.

Note : the words do double work the work of a pronoun and the word of a conjunction. So called it a conjunction pronoun. However , called a Relative Pronoun because it refers or relates to some nouns going before.

Who : ( only person)

It is used for subject, singular/ plural noun or pronoun.

Eg. The man who is honest is trusted.

The man is honest. He is trusted.

He who is content is rich.

Who/Whom : refers for object.

Eg. Help those who need help.

Help them. People need help.

Eg. The man whom/who I met was a Government minister.

I met the man. He was a Government Minister.

Whose : ( use for people, animal and things)

Eg. The sun whose rays give life to the earth is regarded by some people as a god.

The sun gives his rays to the earth.

Some people regarded as a god.

Eg. The headmaster meets the parents whose sons broke the school discipline .

Note : when we used “Genitive case for things” “ of which “ can use in the place of “whose”.

Whose/ of which:

Eg. It’s a book whose the title I’ve forgotten.

It’s a book the title of which I’ve forgotten.

H.W:

Essay : you are a King. ( 150 ) words.

“Which” is used for things without life and for animals. It may refer to a singular or plural noun.

Eg. I kick the dog which bark at me.

She likes the present which you give her.

The books which help you most are those which make you think most.

“which” may also refer to a sentence.

Eg. He said he saw me there, which was a lie.

He is here, which is fortunate.

(4) “that” is used for person, animals or things. It may refer to a singular or plural.

: after adjective in the superlative degree.

Eg. He was the most eloquent speaker that I ever heard.

This is the best that we can do.

He that is not with me is against me.

A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.

The dog that I love much is black.

The wisest man that ever lived made mistakes.

Note: for person : “who” can used instead of “that”.

Eg. He who is not with me is against me.

Thing ; “which” can used instead of “that”

Eg. A city which is set on a hill cannot be hid.

: after the words, all, same, any, none, nothing, the only, that is used.

Eg. All is not gold that glitters.

It’s ( the ) only donkeys that brays.

There is nothing that you can do to please her.

She likes none of the drawing that you show her.

You can take any picture that you like.

H.W :

Why people coming poor?

My mother land. ( 150 ) words.

“what” : only thing ( singular, plural )

Eg. Give the child what/ which/ that it wants.

I don’t know what you mean.

He found what he was looking for.

: that and which can use.

Note : it doesn’t have its antecedent .

:Some more relative pronouns.

The word “ as” can be used as a relative pronoun after “same”

Eg. My trouble is the same as your (is).

This is not the same as that (is).

Note: “ the same as” usually means “of the same kind”

The same……..that means “one and the same”

Eg. I played with the same but that you did.

“as” is used after “as” followed by an adjective.

Eg. I collected as many specimens (example) as I could find.

: compound relative pronouns.

“whoever, whichever and whatever” they use without “antecedent”.

Eg. Whoever ( any person who) comes is welcome.

Take whichever ( any which ) you like.

Whatever ( anything which ) he does well.

7. Indefinite Pronouns.

They are to refer to person or things in a General way: not a particular way.

: the indefinite pronouns are…

Any, none, some, all, a few, a little, many, much, one, anyone, someone, everyone, nobody, somebody, anything, something, everything, another, the other, others, the others.

1. One : person, thing.

Eg. One can fly to Burma in Rangon in three hours.

I have three cats a black one and two white ones.

One cannot be too careful of one’s ( not his ) good name.

One must not boast of one’s ( not his ) success.

Note: singular plural

One Ones

Eg. Which keys are yours?

The ones on the table is mine.

These cups are dirty, can you have some clean ones?

I don’t like the red shoes , but I prefer the green ones.

Note : “one” and “It”

I have lost my pen . I have to buy one. ( a pen )

I have lost my pen. I have to find it. ( the pen )

2. Another, the other, others, the others.

(a) Another : different ( person or thing )

One more of the same kind.

Eg. This letter isn’t from my sister, it’s from another of my friends.

I don’t like this watch, show me another , please.

: another ( not specific ) …the other ( specific )

(b) The other ……. The others.

Eg. Here are two cats I will take one .

You’ll take the other.

Here are four cats. I will take on.

You’ll take the others.

(d)

Here are several cats. I will take some.

You’ll take others.

Here are several cats. I will take one.

You’ll take another.

: some / any

Eg. It is use in a positive sentence.

I have some money.

I’m going to buy some clothes.

Do you want to buy some?

There are many boys in the class room.

Do I need to call some?

There is ice in the fridge.

I want some.

Note: I have a pen.

Give me that.

Note: offer…: I have a lot of coffee.

Would you like some?

Ask…: I don’t have enough money to buy this car can you borrow me some. ( some money )

Not + any:

“any” is used in the “negative” and “question” sentence.

Eg. Where is your car? I do not have any. ( any car)

Are you there any biscuits?

Yes, there are some in the kitchen.

I want some sugar. Do you have any?

H.W:

Yesterday evening I met with my best friend on the road by accidently. ( 160 ) words.

Your teacher’s weak points and strong points. (120) words.

Take note : chapter ( 1 )

-    Much , a little with ( UCN )
-    Many , a few with ( CN )

Much : sth is enough for you to use.
Can you bring some water, there’s not much to cook.
A little : positive idea.
Eg. I have not enough money to buy this car. I have just a little.
Little : negative idea.
Very little: negative idea.
Eg. They are poor. They don’t have much money. They have little.

Many / A few
Eg. Many were injured , only a few escaped unhurt.
I’ve a lot of books but my brother took many.

A few and ( very few, few)
Eg. Last year I have got a lot of friends but they’ve gone to the USA, I’ve got a few.
I’ve got few/ very few.

Use with negative and question sentene

Anyone    Use with positive sentence

someone
    Positive sentence but the idea is negative

noone

anybody

   Somebody    nobody

anything    Something    Nothing
anywhere    somewhere    nowhere

People
1.    Somebody (or) someone: there is somebody/one in the room.
Anybody (or) anyone : is there anybody/one in the garden?
Nobody (or) no one: there is nobody/one in the garden.
Everybody (or) everyone: everybody/one can come to my party.

2.    Thing : something
Eg. She said something but I didn’t understand her/ anything.
Are you doing anything at the weekend?
What did you say! Nothing (or) I didn’t say anything.

Everything :
Keep everything before you go to bed.
3.    Place :
Somewhere :
Eg. They live somewhere in Myitkyina.
Anywhere:
Did you go anywhere interesting for your holiday?
Nowhere:
I don’t like the town. There is nowhere/ no place to go.
Everywhere:
You can go everywhere.
The computer is using everywhere on the world.

Note: sometimes
Anyone may go.
Anybody may try it.
Anything may do.

All : CN , UCN
Eg. The students have to go to school but not all.
The country is so good, I want to eat all.

H.W:
Take note: Noun – UCN – 12
What is your feeling during you’re living in here? ( 120 words)
It is good or bad to live in your town. ( 150 words)
English is difficult to learn for me. ( 160 words)

Chapter - 6

Verb
Def : A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. It’s the most important part of the sentence.
Note : the verb come from Latin “ Verburm”, : a word.
Eg. She writes a letter.
A verb may tell us….
(A)    What a person or thing does!
Eg. Hari laughs.
(B)    What is done to a person or thing.
Eg. The teacher scolded him.
(C)    What a person or thing is .
Eg. I feel sad.
The cat is dead.

Note : A word often consists of more than one word or ( a verb phrase )
Eg. The girls were singing.
I have learnt my lesson.

Kinds of Verb.
1.    Transitive verb ( Vt needs object )
2.    Intransitive verb ( Vi doesn’t take object but sometimes it take complement)

(i)    Transitive Verb ( Vt )
Def : It is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from to doer or subject to object.

Vt :
(a)    Most Vt takes a single object.
Eg. The boy drinks water.
(b)    But such Vt as : give, ask, offer, promise, tell, lend, sell, buy, bring, show, etc… takes two objects in a sentence.
Eg. She gives a sweet to a child.

Direct & Indirect object.
(1)    Direct object ( D.O) ( usually the name of thing)
Eg. She asks me a watch. ( D.O )
(2)    Indirect object ( I.O ) ( usually a personal pronoun)
Which denotes the person to whom something is given or for whom something is done.
Eg. . I’ve bought my sister a watch . ( is done )
A man buys a toy for his son. ( is done)
I lend $ ten to my friend. ( is given )
You must tell the police the truth. ( is given )

Note : Remember ; the pattern from ( Chapter – 1 )
Eg. S + V + O + manner + place + time.
We are learning.
We are learning English Grammar.
We are learning English Grammar carefully.
We are learning English Grammar carefully in the class.
We are learning English Grammar carefully in the class now.

(ii)    Intransitive Verb ( Vi )
Def : Intransative “verb” is a verb that denotes an action which doesn’t pass over to an object.
It express (a) an action. (b) a state. (c) being.

Note : Vi can take a complement. It can be ( adj / N )
(a)    An action or moving verbs.
Eg. He ran a long distance.
She went to school.

More: walk, come, go, arrive etc….
Eg. I go to school quickly.

(b)    A state.
The baby sleeps happily.
She lies on the bed.
I sit on the chair.
The guest sits on the mat.
Girls swim in the pool.

Remember ! the pattern S + V + O/C + M + P + T

(c)    Being or linking verb.
Eg. There is a flaw in this diamond.
Jame is sad.
Smith is a doctor.
She becomes an adviser to the government.
She appears pleased.
She seems/ looks pleased.
Suger tastes sweet.

H.W:
Some one faces with difficulty , how are going to give advice to him? What ? why ? ( 170 words )
Take note : article start to about “a” finish.

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Sunday, April 10, 2011

English Grammar 2

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