English Grammar 1

 Shawng nnan ngai hpe ndai zawn re ai ahkaw ahkang kaba hpe jaw ya ai hpan Karai Kasang hpe chye ju grai dum ai re. Hpaji jaw ai mung Karai Kasang sha rai nga ai. 


Maripmaigrace.blogspot.com , kaw sa shang chyai ai manaw manang Ji nban ma hkra hpe shawng nnan kabu gara hkap tau la ga ai. N-dai hku EGB ngu nna English Grammar hpe shalun ai gaw grai chye na nre ngu ai hpe shawng nnan tsun dan mayu ai. Ngai dang di dang dep ai daram , kahpu kanau , manaw  manang ni , English Grammar hpe myit shang sha nna garai n-chye shi ai ni hte , chye na mung atsawm sha naw hka ja mayu ai nga myit da ai ni, yawng a matu yaw shada let shalun ai hku rai sai. Ndai kaw atsawm sha hka ja mat yang gaw English Grammar hpe tsawm ra mi gaw kata (detail ) du hkra chye na mat na re ngu kam ai. Ndai kaw Chapter hku hkan nna Homework ni mung kalang ta jaw da ai. Ndai ni hpe atsawm sha hkan galaw na nga yang gaw grai hkrak na re hpe kam ai ( quality ) nga na re hpe ma kam ai. Ngut nna ngai hpe ma hpaji ni grai naw jaw la marit ngu tsun mayu ai. 

W.P sha ni hte ndai mungkan ntsa kaw nga taw ai ram ma shayi shadang sha ni yawng gaw jaw ai hte n jaw ai hpe atsawm sha chye ging hka na matu English lai ka ngu ai mung grai ahkyak ai kaw lawm ai hpe chye na shangun mayu ai. Ndai hku tsun na ngai gaw grai chye sai nga na hkum shadu , ngai gaw hpa nchye ai. English lai ka hpe ma atsawm chye ka chye hti ai wa nre. Ngai na zawn grai chye mayu ai ni la ma nga yang ngu yaw shada let , ndai zawn hpa n chye ai wa kachyi mi sha garan gachyan dat ai law. Ndai zawn ngai hpe English Grammar hpe chye ai daram sha pyi kata du hkra ( detail ) sharin ya ai ngai na sara Ah Gu hpe ma ndai kaw na chye ju grai kaba ai lam tsun mayu ai. Ndai ga baw hpe gaw Sara Ah Gu jaw da ai hku sha ngai jaw da ai re. Yawng a ntsa asak hkrung ai Karai Kasang gaw galoi mung bau sin ya nga u ga law...
 

The first, I really want to say thanks the God. Everyone who visits in my blog , I am deeply welcome. And then everyone can study who doesn't understand about English Grammar , you will know a little in this. I am not a teacher and not well in English. So you can give me good suggestion and advice every time. I am welcome. Every one be happy in studying English Grammar. Thanks. 
 

The English Grammar Bank ( E.G.B )

Chapter . 1

1.     The sentence : A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence.
Eg. She writes a letter to her friend.
Sentence Type

(1) Declarative sentence.

Eg. The monkey sat on the tree.
I play tennis every Sunday.
I am a college student.
I don’t know him.

(2) Interrogative sentence .

(a)  General interrogative

Eg. Is that a dog?
Can he swim?
Do they live in Myitkyina?
Does he live in U.S.A?
Did they live in Canada?

(b) Selective interrogative

Eg. Is that a dog or a cat?
Are you a student or a worker?

(c)  Special interrogative

Eg. What is this?
Where do you stay?
How do you think of me?
Who are you?


H.W  1.
Sentence
1.     Declarative sentence (4)
2.     Interrogative sentence
(a)   2
(b)   2
(c)    2
Essay : Myself  (50) words.

(3) Imperative sentence

(Commands, request, wish)
Eg. Stand up ! Be quiet!
Go to school.
Help me .
May God bless you.

(4) Exclamatory sentence.

What  +  adj  + N  +  S  +  V
Eg. What a beautiful day it is !
(it’s a very beautiful day )
How  +  adj / adv  +  S  +  V
Eg. How beautiful it is !
( It’s really beautiful )
-underline . subject , verb, object , complement  and modifier in the following sentences.
1. There were several books on the table.
2. She is the prettiest girl in our school.
3. A little girl is telling her friend a story.
2. Sentence structure.
S  +  V  +  O/C  +  M.

(a)  Subject .

1.     The subject is the doer in a sentence.
2.     It is normally a person or thing that does the action.
3.     A subject may be ( noun or pronoun or noun phrase )
4.     Every sentence must have a subject , except the imperative sentence because the subject is understood.
-         Single noun : book
Eg. A book is on the table.
-         Noun phrase ( group of words that does the work of N)
1.     Gerund / Gerund phrase
Eg. Writing was her talent. ( gerund )
Writing poetry was his talent. (Gerund phrase)

2.     An infinitive / an infinitive phrase

Eg. To write requires special talent. (Infinitive)
To write poetry requires special talent. (infinitive phrase)
3.     Adj + noun
The thick book is mine.
The clever boy is sitting at back of the class.

-pronoun ( subject)

I have written three letters.
She is coming here .

H.W:
Imperative                                 exclamatory
Request – 2                                what  +  adj  +  N  +  S  +  V   (2)
Command – 2                           How + adj / adv  + S + V  (2)
Wish – 2
Single noun -2                           Pronouns – 2
Noun phrase
Gerund – 2
Gerund phrase – 2
Infinitive – 2
Infinitive phrase – 2

Verb or Predicate

(a)    It follows the subject.
(b)    It generally shows the action of the subject.
(c)    Every sentence must have a verb.
(d)    A verb may be a single or verb phrase ( consists of one main verb and one or more auxiliaries)
Eg. I go to school. (single verb)
It is going to rain. (auxiliary = is , main verb = going)
 I has been doing my homework. ( two auxiliaries = has , been. main verb = doing)
Object – noun, pronoun, noun phrase.
(a)    It is the receiver of the action of the subject.
(b)    Every sentence does not require an object.
There are two kinds of object.
(1)    Direct  object (D.O)
(2)    Indirect object (I.O)
Because of the transitive verb!
(1)    D.O : direct receiver of  the action of a sentence.
Eg. Children like toys.
He hits the desk.
She loved me.
Note: D.O is usually the name of things.
(2)    I.O is indirect receiver of the action of a sentence.
Eg. I lend my friend  ten Kyat.
                        I.O                 D.O
1. S + V + I.O + D.O
2. S + V + D.O to/ for + I.O
I lend my friend ten kyat.
I lend ten kyat to my friend.
•    Some transitive can take the two objects, give , hand , pass , pay , sell , send , show , teach , find , coolly , make , lend.
(3)    Object of preposition
Eg. On the table.
The children are in the garden.
Note : object of prepositions complete the idea of time , direction , place.


H.W:
Verbs show the action of the subject.
-    Single verb 2
-    One auxiliary 2
-    Two auxiliaries 2
Pay , give : S + V + I.O + D.O : S + V + D.O to/ for + I.O.
Essay : my family  (50) words.


 S + V + O/C + M
Complement  ( C )
Intransitive verb : which needs a complement.
(a)    A complement complete the verb.
(b)    A complement can be Adjective or Noun.
(c)    Every sentence does not require a complement.
Eg. She is a student.
He looks angry.
Note:  A complement cannot begin with a preposition .
Eg. Birds fly on the sky. (wrong )
Modifiers. (M)
(a)    It tells “manner , place or time.”
(b)    It is a preposition phrase.
Note: a preposition phrase is a group of word that begins with preposition and end with noun.
Eg. Table – N
The table – N phrase
Under the table – prepositional phrase.
The cat is under the table.
(c)    Every sentence does not require a modifier.
(d)    A modifier answer the question , when? Where ? what time? Or how?
Eg. Where  did John buy a book ?
How was he driving?
Where was he swimming?
When was he swimming?
S + V + O/C + M + P + T
Eg. I watched a movie quietly at my uncle’s house yesterday.
T + S + V + O/C + M + P
Yesterday I watched a movie quietly at my uncle’s house.
Note: I wrote the letter at 11:00 pm last night.
I live in Myitkyina , Myanmar.


H.W
S + V + O + M + P + T
S + V + C + M + P + T
S + V +  M + P + T
S + V + P + T
 T + S + V + M
Essay : My dog or cat  (55) words.

Chapter : 2

1.    Noun : Def;  A noun is a word used as the name of a person or thing . ( every thing under the sun)
Noun :
(i)    5 senses : all objects that we can ( see, hear, taste, touch or smell.)
Eg. Brang Seng was a great king .
The sun shines brightly.
(ii)    None sense : something that we can think of , but cannot perceive by the sense.
Eg. His courage won him honor.
Kind of Nouns.
1.    Proper Noun : the name of some particular “ person , place, or thing”
(a)    Particular person’s name / thing’s name
( Zau Tu , Cho Phyone , Gracy , Table, car.)
(b)    The name of place . ( New York, Myitkyina, Canada)
(c)    The name of river or ocean.
(d)     Days’ and months’ name. ( Monday, January )
2.    Common noun (or) General Noun.
: it is the name given in common to every person or thing or the same class or kind.


H.W
Find – proper noun – 3 , common noun – 3 ,
Make  3  sentences for each words by using  S + V + O/C + M
Essay : my town  (65 ) words.


3.    Material noun (or) particle
The thing that we can see and touch , taste , hear and smell but is not possible to count.
Eg. Water , salt , air , coffee , silver.
If we want to show quantity, use
Eg. A cup of …
A glass of…
4.    Collective noun
A number of people or animals are called collective.
Collective Noun :
(1)    people type : fish , sheep , deer , police , people.
eg. There are a lot of fish in the rever.
There are three people on the street.
(2)    Family type : singular and plural
Eg. Audience , jury , class , club , committee , crowd , family ,
Staff, team, mob, flock, army, fleet,….
Eg. There is a family on the state.
There are three families on the state.
5.    Abstract Noun.
It is usually the name of :
A quality: goodness, kindness, hardness,….
An action : laughter, theft, movement,…
A state : childhood, boyhood, youth, sleep, sickness,…
-    Count noun :( common N, collective N)
-    None count noun : ( material N, proper N, abstract N )

Pluralize

Objectives : the students will understand between CN/ UC and know the rule between how CN/UN affects plural.
Count noun (CN)
-    Can count easily
-    Specific
-    Parts
-    Concrete

CN:

1.    Person : girl , toy,…
2.    Animals : dog, cat,..
3.    Plants : flower, tree,..
4.    Definite shape : building , can,…
5.    Measurements : kilo, liter, foot, mile…
6.    Classification of society : family , country, army, ethnicity,…


H.W
Find :
-    Person : 2
-    Animals : 2
-    Plants : 2
-    Definite shape : 2
-    Measurements : 2
-    Classification of society : 2
Make interrogative sentence by using them.
Essay : My mother  (65 ) words.

Uncounted noun  (UN)

-    Difficult to count
-    Could not count
-    Abstract
-    Whole

UN:

(1)    Food : bread , cake, meat, chocolate,..
(2)    Raw materials: copper, gold, iron, wood, silver,..
(3)    Liquids : coffee, oil, water, blood, gasoline, petrol,..
(4)    Natural quality: darkness, hardness, brightness, pales, lightness,..
(5)     Abstract quality : beauty, happiness , sadness,..
(6)    Gerund : clothing, learning, dancing, smoking,…
(7)    Particle : rice, sugar, salt,…
(8)    Substance made from something : plastic cloth,…
(9)    Gases : smoke, oxygen, nitrogen, air, pollution,…
(10)    Languages : English, Chinese,…
(11)    Academic subject : chemistry , physics,…
(12)    General : furniture , mail , money,…
Note : count noun and uncounted noun are very important to know. Because;
(1)    Meaning : There are a lot of fires in the jungle .
I have three kinds of gases.
(2)    S V A : water is cold.
(3)    Articles : rice is essential food for human.
(4)    Quality : there is some rice in the pot.


H.W
My best friend  (75) words.
Find 10 noun and decide  CN/ UN , give reason why you can say.

Special plural usage

-    Air : we will die without air.
-    Airs : the out word appearance of a person or manner.
Eg. I don’t like the airs of your friend.
-    Water : the patient drinks a glass of water.
-    Waters : the waters of the Nile/ the sea.
This ship was in our country’s waters.
Formation of Plural
(1)    Noun eding in ss, s, ch, sh, x  add “es” to a singular noun.
Eg. Singular                     Plural
       Bench                     benches
    Brush                         brushes
    Box                         boxes
    Bus                        buses
    Tax                         taxes
    Glass                        glasses
    Dress                        dresses
(2)    Some common ending in “f or fe “ take fo them and add “ves”
Eg. Wife                         wives
    Knife                        knives
    Shelf                         shelves
    Loaf                        loaves
Exception
    Chief                        chiefs
    Cliff                        cliffs
    Roof                        roofs
    Proof                        proofs
    Safe                         safes
(3)    Noun ending in “Y” with no vowel before it, change “Y” into “I” and add “ es “
Eg.  City                         cities
    Country                     countries
    Lady                        ladies
-but there is a vowel before “Y” just add “s”
Eg.    Day                        days
    Key                        keys
    Boy                        boys
    Monkey                    monkeys
    Toy                        toys


H.W
Essay : my childhood  (80) words.
Take note : s + v + o


(4)    Nouns ending in “o” put “es” to the plural .
Eg.     Mango                mangoes
        Cargo                    cargoes
-if there is a vowel in front of “o” just add “s”
Eg.        Zoo                    zoos
        Cuckoo                cuckoos
        Studio                studios
Exception
        Two                    twos
        Photo                    photos
        Piano                    pianos
        Dynamo                dynamos
(5)    Some nouns change their vowels in the plural.
Irregular nouns
Man                    men
Woman                    women
Tooth                    teeth
Foot                    feet
Mouse                    mice
Goose                    geese
(6)    Nouns that have the same form both in the singular and plural.
Eg.     Sheep    , deer, swine, fish, offspring, vermin, Japanese , stone, hundredweight , ….
Eg. She caught three fish.
I saw three Japanese in the market this morning.
(7)    Nouns that is always plural.
Scissors, glasses, measles, feathers, pliers, pincers, mumps, spectacles, droughts, socks, shoes, gloves, billiards, small-box, tongs,…
Eg. A pair of pliers is mine.
(8)    Certain collective nouns, thought singular in form are used always plural.
Poverty, gentry, cattle, people,…
Eg. The cattle are grazing in the farm.
People like to play football.
Many people come to the show.
(9)    Compound nouns usually form the plural by adding “s” or the rule from the formula to the main word.
Eg.     Chairman                chairmen
        Step-mother            step-mothers
(10)    The rest of nouns , put just “s” to be plural.
Eg.     Table        tables
        Dog        dogs  
Gender / Sex:
Objectives: - students will understand the different between Gender and Sex and how it shapes our lives.
-students will understand when they use the “ pronoun” instead of “noun”.
Gender                         Sex
-    Think, separate, idea.                -organs
-    What you do / don’t                -born with
-    Culture /style
-    Clothes/ style
-    Experience / emotion
-    Behavior
There are four kinds of genders.
1.    Masculine gender / male animals
Lion, boy, hunter
2.    Feminine gender / female animals
Lioness, girl, woman
3.    Common gender : either a male or female.
Orphan, student, children.
4.    Neuter gender : things without life or absence of sex.
Pen, book, desk, table, house,…

Ways of formation of feminine

(i)    “ess” to the masculine genders.
Hunter            huntress
Actor                actress
Prince             princess
(ii)    By using different words.
Male                 female
Bachelor             spinster
Lover                sweetheart
Father            mother
(iii)    By changing the masculine in compound words.
Grandfather                grandmother
Grandson                grand daughter
Step son                step daughter
-    Special gender
(i)    Ships, the moon, spring, country, are often referred to as feminine .
Eg.     She’s a wonderful ship isn’t it?
    The moon has hidden her face behind a cloud.
    Burma mourned the loss of her leader.
(ii)    The sun is often referred to as masculine.
Eg.  The sun sheds his beans on rich and poor alike.


H.W
-you have learnt about grammar for two weeks with me . can you tell me your feeling please.!
-take note from complement to modifier.  

Case of noun : subject , object , possessive

-    Objectives : students will know how the Nouns use in the sentence.
1.    Subject case or Nominative case.
(a)    The subject of the sentence.
Eg. A girl buys a handbag.
(b)    The complement of the “ verb to be”
Tun Tun is a school boy.
_ to find subject case , “who” is used.
Eg. Who bought this pen?
    I bought this pen.
Who asked him to come?
My mother asked him to come.
2.    Objective case :
(A)    Direct object        (B) indirect object
( accusative case)        (dative case)
(A)    D.O : thing without life.
(a)    The direct object of the verb . (vt)
Eg. The man eats mango.
The boy throws a stone.
(b)    The object of preposition .
Eg. The child plays in the garden.
(B)    I.O : it is always person . ( to / for is used)
Eg. A man buys a toy for his son.
I lend ten kyat to my friend.
To find objective case , “whom or what”
Eg. Who / whom are you writing to?
I am writing to my friend.
Who / whom are you speaking ?
I am speaking to my friend.
What did you see?
I saw a dog.
3.    Genitive case or Possessive case
(a)    Singular or plural nouns that not ending in “s” put ‘s is used . (not thing)
Eg. Dog’s tail. / John’s sister.
My son’s bicycle.
The women’s shop.
The children’s bedroom.
(b)    Plural noun ending in “s” put “ ‘ “ (apostrophe) only used.
Eg. Boys’ school.
Ladies’ shoes.
My sisters’ friend.
(c)    When the possessing Noun is a thing , “of” is used.
Eg. The beauty of the country side.
The top of the mountain.
The leg of the table.
But the possessive sign “ ‘s “ is used the names of personified object.
Eg. India’s heroes.
Freedom’s battle.
Myanmar’s footballer.
-    The possessing sign “ ‘s “ is used with nouns denoting :
“Time , space or weight.”
Eg. A week’s holiday.
A day’s March.
A stone’s throw.
A foot’s length.
A pound’s weight.
Note : sometimes, however, a noun in the possessive case used with the preposition “ of “ and ‘s have different meaning.
Eg. The Prime Minister’s reception in Delhi.
Means , a reception held by the Prime Minister.
-    The reception of the Prime Minister in Delhi.
Means the manner in which the people welcome him when he entered Delhi.
-    The love of father : a father’s love of his son.
 A child’s love of his father.
Noun in apposition : placing near.
The noun in apposition is in the same case as the noun which it explains.
Eg. Mg mg , our captain, made fifty runs.
We collected mg mg , a student leader.
I have seen Gingili, the artist drawing.


H.W
How do you feel if I do not give you home work. 85 words.
I am a teacher , I am going to control my students like this. (90 words)
Look back – chapter 1.

Chapter -3

Article 

 What is  the article.

-         Articles are the modifiers or determiners and it also dicides what the noun will mean.

-         The articles are  A/An , The , Zero article.

Note : we use the article before “noun”

Eg. Book – n

The book.

Noun type	Indefinite a/an singular	Difinite, The	Zero article 0 (indefinite)
Singular N	Yes	Yes	No
Plural N	No	Yes	Yes
UCN	No	Yes	Yes

1.     Indefinite article (a/an)

-         General (not specific) eg. A ball is round.
-    Not exact or unknow. Eg. A girl loves flower.
-    Number #. Eg. I  have a dog.
-    Any . eg. You can give the flower to a girl.
(i)    A/An
The choice between ( A and An ) is determined by sound.
(a)    Before a word beginning a vowel sound is used  (An).
Eg. An ass , an essay, an orange , an umbrella, etc..
(b)    The word that begin with a silent letter “h”
Eg. An hour, an honest man, etc…
(ii)    Before a word begin with a consonant sound “A” is used.
Eg. A boy, a reindeer, a yard, etc…
: exception ,
A + ( unit, union, university, european, useful)
Because their sound is “Y”.

H.W
You can write about what ever you want to tell me. ( 45 word)

Used of the indefinite article (a/an) and “One” .
(1)    The indefinite article is used in the original sense of “one”.
Eg. A bird in the hand is worth two in the jungle.
A bag a book, a pen and a pot of ink.
(2)    In the sense of “any “ or to mean “General sense “
Eg. A pupil should obey his teacher.
A student must arrive in the class on time.
(3)    Not exact or unknow or we use a/an to talk about a particular but unspecified “person , thing or event”.
Eg. One evening , a begger came to my house.

The use of “One”

(a)    We use “one” (not a/an) in the pattern .
One……..other / another
Eg. Close one eye , and then the other.
Bees carry pollen from one plant to another.
(b)    We also use “one “ in phrases such as..
One day, one evening, one spring etc…to mean a particular but unspecified day, evening , spring etc..( can also use a/an instead of “one”)
Eg. Hope to see you one day.
Hope to see you a day.
One evening, while he was working late at the office.
-one and a/an ဆိုရင္ one က ပိုသိက်တယ္…ပိုေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခ်က္ရွိတယ္…
( c ) we use “a” rather than “one” in the pattern “a……..of “ with possessive.
Eg. She is a colleague of mine.
That ‘s a friend of mine.
( d ) before nouns complement ( including profession ) use a/an (not use “one”)
Eg. He’s an intelligent boy.
She’s a doctor.
( e ) before some “numbers” and expressions of  “quantity” ( not use one)
Eg.        # number            quantity
A hundred            a lot of ( a great many of )
A million                 a few
A dozen                a little
A couple                a huge number of

( f ) expression of “ price , frequency, speed”  not one.
Eg. – 9 Kyast a viss
        $ 10 ayard
        Three time a day
        Once a month
        60 miles an hour
( g ) both are possible
Eg. Do you want one/a sandwich?
Are you staying only one/ a night?
Wait here for one minute, and I’ll be with you.

H.W : when I was in WW II, I faced such problem. ( 100 ) words.

Article “ The” = definite – singular N, plural N, Uncount N.
-    Specific
-    Know
-    Particular number of group.
The use of the article “The”
(1)    When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class.
Eg. The cow is a useful animal.
The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
The ant is industrious.
(2)    With ordinal number . ( first, second, third,etc..)
Eg. He was the first man to arrive to the moon.
The ninth chapter of the book is very intersting.
(3)    Before “adjective” used to represent a class . ( the + adj)
Eg. The weak should be protected.
The young should respect the old.
(4)    With “ superlative”
Eg. The darkest cloud has a silver lining.
This is the best book of elementary chemistry.

H.W : what is your feeling during you are speaking infront of your friends . ( 105 ) words.

(5)    Before nouns representing of which there is only “one”.
Eg. The sun, the sky, the ocean, the sea, the earth, the moon, the weather, the polar star, the clinate, the atmosphere, the ground, the environment.
(6)    We refer to general Geagraphical areas with “the”.
Eg. The beach, the country, the country side, the town, the seaside , the forest.
(7)    The musical instruments ( with play).
Eg. I play the piano/ guitar/ flute.
(8)    Wars ( except WW )
Eg. The Garman war.
The Korea war.

H.W : A/An – general, # , any , not exact. 4 sentences each.
The : 8 – 8 sentences.



(9)    Certain countries with more than one word ( except Great Britain)
The U.S.A , the central African Republic, the Irish Republic, the Union of Burma, the Nether Lands.
(10)    The + some propernoun.
Ocean : the pacific, the atlantic ,..
Seas : the black sea, the red sea.
Rivers : the Ganga, the Nile, the Chindwin.
Deserts : the sahara..
Canals : the Suez Canal.
Ethnicgroups : the Indians,the Canadians ..
Important building : the national Museum .
News papers : the kyemon, the seven eleven..
(11)    School , college, university, when the phrases begin with “ school”.
Eg. The university of Florida.
The college of Arts and Science .
(12)    The + radio / same
Eg. I listen the radio.
It is the same with my pen.
(13)    Phrases to describe location.
Eg. In the centre / east / south / north / on the botton / top / end/ middle/ left of + “Noun”
(14)    When there is “ a clause” and a phrase in the sentence with specific meaning “ the” is used.
Eg. – the furniture in this room is very valuable.
            The steak last night. ( n baw shat) …phrase.
-    A dog barks at me , I throw a stone at the dog. ( clause)

H.W : my respectful person on the world. ( 120 ) words.
Take note :Noun : till formation of plural.
-essay ,: whatever you want to tell . (  130 ) words.

Zero Article – plural nouns, UCN.

(1)    Before countries
Eg. He comes from Japan.
I live in Myitkyina.
(2)    Before exclamations ! plural countable nouns and unc.( if singular noun “a/an” is used)
Eg. What lovely weather !
What pretty flowers!
What sad news!
(3)    Before expression of movement of transport.
I go to work by bus.
More example words : by hand, by name, by sea, by land , by post, by steamer ( wan sang hpaw) , by telegram ( waya let) , by train, by air, by boat.
(4)    Before languages.
Eg. We are studying English.
We speak Pajabi at home.
(5)    Before name of relatives, like father, mother , uncle, and also “cook and nurse”
Eg. Father has returned.
Cook has given notice.
(6)    Continents.
Europe , Africa, South America, Asia, Australia..
(7)    States .
Florida, California , Kachin,…
(8)    The subjects.
Eg. Mathematice , Physic..
(9)    Cardinal number.
Eg. World war one.
Chapter three.
(10)    Holidays.
Eg. Christmas, thanksgiving.
(11)    Planets.
Venus, mars, Jupiter…
(12)    Mounts.
Eg. Mount evrest, mount Mekinley..
(13)    School, college, university, when  the phrases begin with a proper noun.
Eg. Stetion university.
Rangon university.
Myitkyina university.
(14)    We often use Zero article in patterns where repeated or releat words are joined by a preposition.
Eg. Day by day, back to back , end to end, person to person, face to face, side by side, start to finish.

H.W : the thing that I like why?
Look back formation of noun to case of noun.

: a – singular CN , the – plural CN, singular cn, ucn. O – plural CN, UCN.
(1)    Before CN when we are refering to people or thing in general.
Eg. Women sould have equal right with men.
Computers are used in many offices.
Children like chocalates.
: if we “the” the plural Noun/ UCN becomes a particular meaning.
Eg. Would you pass the sugar. ( the sugar on the table.)
(2)    Before UCN when we are refering in general.
Eg. Furniture is expensive.
Sugar is bad for your teeth.
: put “the” to mean “particular”
Eg. Would you pass the sugar.
The furniture is very nice.
(3)    Before Abstract Nouns, when the noun is refering in General use “Zero” .
Eg. Education should be free for all children.
We should never lose hope.

Sepecial Meaning

(1)    Before school, college, church, bed, hospital, market are used “Zero” article beause they have the primary purpose.
Eg. I go to church. ( to pray)
He went to school. ( to study)
: when these places are visitel we use with “the”.
Eg. I go to the church. ( to see a paster)
I went to the hospital. ( to visit to someone)
:before meals in general.
Eg. We ate breakfast at 7:30.
I usually have dinner at 7:30.
: but before specific meals “ an article “ is used.
Eg. We ate the birthday dinner yesterday.
I have never had an English breakfast.

Note : 1.
a/an: indefinite –singular CN, the: definite-plural CN, singular CN, UCN..0:indefinite- plural CN , UCN.
Note : 2.
A cat caught a mouse.
The cat caught a mouse.
Note : 3.
I have a black and a white cat.
I have a black and white cat.
Note : 4 .
Sometimes UCN can become CN.
Eg. UCN                CN
Hair                    hair
She’s got long hair.        There’s a hair in my soup.
I don’t dring coffee.        Would you like a coffee?

H.W:
Take note- formation of plural –case of noun.
Essay: a student’s life.  ( 100) words.